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| Dear Mr. Barrett,
I am a frequent reader of your online newspaper, and wanted to alert your readers to the toxic effects of fluoridation on health and wellness. I was watching a program broadcast here on Maui and was informed about the effects of fluoride on human health. It was said that fluoridation is mandatory on all military bases and Indian reservations..and I was shocked. Here on Maui County and also in the City and County of Honolulu, water fluoridation has not been able to pass the Councils. Maybe you will read the attachments I would like to share with you..to alert your readers..or maybe you all have knowledge of this issue that has origins with the big industrial companies such as Alcoa and Reynolds aluminum trying to get rid of environmental waste products in the form of fluorosilicic acid- industrial grade fluoride(TOXIC) which is pumped into municipal water systems. Pharmaceutical-grade sodium fluoride found in toothpaste has had impurities taken out, but is more cost prohibitive to pump into water systems. Anyway, research has shown that fluoride works best if applied topically, not internally... I implore you to read the attachments and to access the www.fluoridealert.com website. I have friends on various reservations, so maybe this information will be of use....Mahalo for your time and attention given this matter. Me ke aloha, Naone |
Dangers of Fluoride
"I am appalled at the prospect of using
water as a vehicle for drugs. Fluoride is a corrosive poison that will produce
serious effects on a long range basis. Any attempt to use water this way is
deplorable." - Do. Charles Gordon Heyd, Past
President of the American Medical Association What is Fluoride? Fluorine is a highly reactive element which likes to bond with
other elements. These combinations are often salts and the fluorine part is
called flouride. Hence flourine
added to water has commonly become known as flouride.
Fluoride occurs naturally in the water in certain areas of the world and people
in these areas exhibit mottling of the teeth (dental fluorosis).
This often occurs in volcanic environments eg. The lethal dose of artificial flouride
is 50 times smaller than naturally occuring fluoride. Artificial fluoride becomes the "most exclusive bone
seeking element" in the body How much fluoride is too much? The optimum amount of fluoride is said to be around 1 ppm (parts per million). ppm equals mg per litre ie. at 1ppm one would drink 1 mg
of fluoride in 1 litre of water. In Fluoride can, however, be taken in through a number of sources. Cooldrinks and other processed foods made in fluoridated
areas contain high amounts. Plants take up fluoride concentrating more in their
outer parts with leafy plants containing the most. Tea can contain 160 - 660 ppm averaging at 1 mg per 6 cups. Insecticides sprayed on
crops also contain fluoride as can tranquilisers (up
to 1 mg per day if taken habitually). Other products containing fluoride which
may inadvertantly be swallowed are toothpaste (1000 ppm), mouthwash (4000 ppm) and
gel treatments (13000 ppm - half a teaspoon will
poison a child) Bearing in mind that people are individuals with differing
sensitivities to substances and differing patterns of consumption it is
difficult to recommend a safe level of fluoride for an entire population. Each of us already consumes different levels of fluoride
in our food and drinks. Does fluoride prevent tooth decay? Pro- fluoridators say that it does. The evidence supporting this must be closely examined - often
studies have an insufficient sample size, look at age groups where decidous teeth are being replaced by permanent teeth, have
no control areas or compare neighbourhoods where
other factors influencing decay like nutrition, wealth, oral hygiene etc.
differ greatly. A few studies of the many which show that fluoride does not prevent decay
are listed below : A study has been done of the dental records of 39 207
schoolchildren aged 5 - 17 in 84 areas of the R Ziegelbecker has made two studies by
taking a random sample of all available data on caries (decay
) prevalence. He selected 48 000 12-14 year children from 136
communities in seven countries. No correlation was found between caries or
dental health and fluoride concentration.3 A study of 400 000 Indian schoolchildren from 1973 -1993 showed
that the higher the fluoride concentration in the water, the more caries
ocurred.4 A similar study of 22 000 Japanese school children showed that
above 0.4 ppm the decay increased significantly. When
the concentration was below 0.2 ppm it also increased . This was thought to be caused by a lack of
calcium in the water when fluoride was below 0.2 ppm.5 A study of 26000 Tuscon elementary
school children was performed by Cornelius Steelink,
Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Chemistry, The decline in DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth
) of 12 year old children in the Some european
countries that do not fluoridate their water recorded a greater decline in
tooth decay than What effect does fluoride have on the body ? Dental fluorosis : A defect in the formation of tooth enamel in children
which results in mottled teeth. This is not reversible and remains for life. It
is believed that when decay does set in these teeth are difficult to fill. Dental
fluorosis can occur from 0.4 ppm. Skeletal fluorosis : Early symptoms are back stiffness, pains in the bones and
joints, sensations of burning, pricking, and tingling in the limbs, muscle
weakness, chronic fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, and reduced appetite.
X-rays show abnormal calcium deposits in bone and ligaments. Osteoporosis
develops in long bones and bony outgrowths may occur. Eventually the victim may
be crippled and the vertebrae fuse together.8 Fractures : Researchers at the Immune deficiency : Dr. Sheila Gibson from
the Cancer : Cancer researchers have found a 17%
rise in 16 yrs of cancers in towns in the General side effects : George L. Waldbott, founder and chief of allergy clinics in four Other ailments include :13 Destruction of about 60 enzymes including cytochrome C and cholinesterase which handle oxygen. How does fluoride effect the environment? Most processes which take raw materials from the earth's crust
and subject them to high temperatures liberate fluorides. Fluorine compounds
are involved in the production of aluminium, steel,
uranium, beryllium, bricks, cement, pottery, enamel, plastics etc. The aluminium industry produces the highly poisonous by-product
fluo-spar from aluminium
slag. Hydrogen fluoride and elemental fluorine are also used in the nuclear
industry in uranium production. For many of these industries fluorides present
the biggest waste disposal problem. This begs the question who will be making
profit by selling fluoride to our municipalities which would otherwise be very
costly to dispose of ?14 Industries ( mostly steel and aluminium plants ) emmitting
fluoride air pollution have been blamed for destroying crops and laming cattle,
corrosion of steel bridges and killer smogs . In
Donora, Pennsylvania from October 27-31, 1948 a fluoride rich smog from the
town's zinc mill killed 20 people, numbers of livestock and pets and caused a
further 6000 people to become ill.15 Phosphate fertiliser factories have
also caused fluoride damage to animal and plant life in their vicinity. The
application of phosphate fertilisers to soil
dramatically increases fluorides in the soil which results in uptake by crops
we later eat and contamination of drinking water through run off. In the
district of Aichi in What these examples indicate is that we are already exposed to
high levels of fluoride. By fluoridating our water we will increase the load,
dispersing fluoride further through the environment where it accumulates and
finds its way back into our food products. Albert Schatz calculated that
fluoride toothpastes alone were adding 116 000 pounds of fluoride to the
environment in the 1970's. STOP
Fluoridation in Your Community - Here's how A good aritcle about the dangers of
fluoride 1) I heard fluoride is a poison. Is this true? Yes. Fluoride is an acute toxin with a rating slightly higher
than that of lead.According to "Clinical
Toxicology of Commercial products," 5th Edition, 1984, lead is given a
toxicity rating of 3 to 4, and Fluoride is rated at 4 (3 = moderately toxic, 4
= very toxic). On 2) How much fluoride am I taking in? Current intake is estimated to be between 5 and 7 mg/day in
"optimally fluoridated" areas. Current fluoride intake is equally
divided between drinking water (in fluoridated areas), food, other beverages,
and dental products, meaning that even if you don't live in a fluoridated area,
fluoride is endangering your health. Average fluoride content in juices
is 0.02 to 2.80 parts per million, in part because of variations in fluoride
concentrations of water used in production. Children's ingestion of fluoride
from juices and juice-flavored beverages can be quite substantial and a crucial
factor in developing fluorosis. Grape juice has been
found to contain up to 6.8 mg/L of fluoride, a can of chicken soup up to 4 mg
of fluoride. Fluoride can be found in water, toothpaste, mouthwash, Dentist's
treatment, fluoride pills, juice, soft drinks, canned food, commercial fruit
and vegetables, Teflon and Tefal coated items (such
as frying pans), etc. (Note: No "optimal" fluoride intake has ever
been scientifically documented.) 3) How much is too much? As little as 0.04 mg/kg/day has been proven to cause adverse
health effects. Retention of 2mg a day will produce crippling skeletal fluorosis in one's lifetime. 4) Does fluoride accumulate in the body? Yes. Approximately half of each day's fluoride intake will be
retained. This is what makes it so dangerous. "The dose makes the
poison". All sides agree to the fact that healthy kidneys can eliminate
only about 50% of daily fluoride intake. The rest gets absorbed in calcified
tissues, like bones and teeth.The National Academy Of Sciences (NAS) stated in 1977 that, for the average
individual, a retention of 2mg/day would result in crippling skeletal fluorosis after 40 years. Considering the above mentioned
intake level, it is likely that skeletal fluorosis
already affects a significant portion of the population.Children,the
elderly and any person with impaired kidney function (which includes many AIDS
patients), are in the high risk group for fluoride poisoning and must be warned
to monitor their fluoride intake. Also at high risk are people with immunodeficiencies, diabetes and heart ailments, as well as
anyone with calcium, magnesium and Vitamin C deficiencies.(At
the level of 0.4 ppm renal (kidney) impairment has
been shown.) (Junco, L.I. et al, "Renal Failure and Fluorosis",
Fluorine & Dental Health, JAMA 222:783 - 785, 1972) 5) How does fluoride get into the water? Most often as a byproduct from the fertilizer, aluminum and
other industries, who manage to sell this toxic waste to municipalities
nationwide.
6) What about my toothpaste? Studies show that adults can absorb up to 0.5 mg per "TV
ribbon" brushing. Small children, even if pea-size amount is used, will
still absorb the same, more if the child is younger and has less swallowing
control skills. Half a tube of toothpaste can kill a child. Current content of
sodium fluoride in toothpaste in 7) What about the fluoride treatment at the dental office? Fluoride treatments can contain between 10,000 to 20,000 ppm. There is no regulated dose requirement. There are
cases known of children dying in the dentist's chair.(New
York Times, Jan. 20, 1979: "$750,000 Given in Child's Death in Fluoride
Case" about a three year old child killed by fluoride treatment in the Dentist's
office.) 8) How can my dentist say that it's good for my teeth? By receiving limited training on the subject and being
misinformed on purpose by the In 1993 the National Academy of Sciences warned, "dental fluorosis...might be more
than a cosmetic defect if enough fluorotic enamel is
fractured and lost to cause pain, adversely affect food choices, compromise
chewing efficiency, and require complex dental treatment." The International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology has
classified fluoride as an unapproved dental medicament due to its high
toxicity. The FDA considers fluoride an unapproved new drug for which
there is no proof of safety or effectiveness. The FDA does not consider
fluoride an essential nutrient. Four major studies involving 480,000 children (US, 39,000; 9) Is it true that fluoride can cause cancer? Yes. In 1990 fluoride was found to be an equivocal carcinogen by
the National Cancer Institute Toxicology Program.(Maurer,
et. al.,"Fluoride an equivocal carcinogen. J.National Cancer Institute 82, 1118-26, 1990) In 1992 further studies by the New Jersey Department of Health
confirmed a 6.9 fold increase in bone cancer in young males.(Cohn,
Perry D. Ph.D. "An Epidemiological Report on Drinking Water"
Fluoridation and Osteosarcoma in Young Males, New
Jersey Department of Health, Environmental Health Service, Trenton NJ November
8, 1992) In 1997 there were more than 80 references available, linking
fluoride to cancer. 10) Is it true that fluoride can increase hip fractures? Yes. According to Dr. J. William Hirzy
(vice-president of the NFFE LOCAL 2050, the union representing all scientists
at the EPA, Washington, D.C.) there have been 5 epidemiological studies done
since 1990, in three different countries, all showing a higher increase in hip
fractures in fluoridated communities. Some studies have indicated a 87%
higher risk of hip fractures to the elderly in areas where water fluoridation
was even below 1.5 ppm. 11) Is this also true for Osteoporosis and Arthritis? Yes, most definitely. There are also studies proving that
fluoride toxicity affects fertility. 12) Does it cause brain damage? Yes. Fluorides lower the intelligence capacity of humans, with
children, again, especially susceptible to early fluoride toxicity. IQ levels
were significantly lower than children not exposed to fluorides in all age
groups listed. (According to Dr. Hirzy, 5 to 19 points
lower!)(Li,X.S.,Zhi,J.L.,Gao,R.O.,"Effects
of Fluoride Exposure on the Intelligence of Children",
Fluoride;28:182-189, 1995) Further studies proving the neurotoxicity
of fluoride in rats have also been conducted by Dr. Phyllis Mullinex
and her co-workers.(Note: this also explains a recent University of South
Florida study relating fluoride intake during pregnancy to the yearly 1%
increase in learning disabilities found in children...)Studies proving that
fluorides transfer through the placenta are well known.(Meanwhile, Dr.Weil, Internet's Health Guru, advocates fluoride
supplements for pregnant woman in his book "8 Weeks To Optimum
Health"...) There are also several studies linking aluminum with fluoride,
showing that the bioavailability of aluminum is increased in the presence of
fluorides, causing aluminum in the brain to double in treated animals.
According to an October 28, 1992 Wall Street Journal Article about a study
conducted by Varnier JA, et al.: "Rats fed the
highest doses developed irregular mincing steps characteristic of senile
animals.... Post mortem examination of the rat brains disclosed 'substantial
cell loss in structures associated with dementia -- the neo-cortex and
hippocampus'."(Note: Alzheimer's Desease, first
diagnosed by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1907, is now the
#4 killer for every person over 60 in the 13) How wide-spread is this problem? The US Public Health Service estimates that 1 in 5 children have
dental fluorosis. (By the way, all native
reservations in the 14) If all this is true, how can all this be possible,
sanctioned by government? In 1939 a dentist named H. Trendley
Dean, DDS, examined water from 345 communities in Meanwhile, a number of court cases were being launched due to
fluoride contamination, mainly by the aluminum industry. In addition the
Manhattan Project, the secret atomic bomb project, was in a big race to build
the world's first A-bomb. A pollution incident of great magnitude occurred at a
factory in 15) How about the effects on the environment? Many studies have been conducted
examining the adverse effects of fluoride on the eco-system. In 1995,
the CEPA identified the now closed Brunswick Mining and Smelting Fertilizer
Plant in IT'S A TOXIC WASTE! Think about it - day after day, millions of
tons of fluoride are "legally" released into the environment,
especially in fluoridated areas. Showers, toilet flushes, lawn sprinkling...As
a result of the original Manhattan Project logic, industries, now mainly the fertilzer and aluminum industries, have a perfect way to
release their hazardous and toxic waste. It would cost up to $ 16) What do I need to do? How can I protect myself? If you live in an area with fluoridated water, drink distilled
water. You can have it delivered or buy it at Supermarkets. You can also buy
distilling or reverse osmosis systems for home use which is the only way for
taking fluoride out of the water. Also, eliminate any Teflon of Tefal coated cookingware, for
scratches in the surface will release PTFT, another toxic fluoride compound.
Avoid fruit juices coming from fluoridated areas. All non-organic grape
products are especially high in fluoride content due to the number of fertilizer
and pesticide applications. Wine can contain up to 3 ppm
fluoride. Avoid using any toothpaste or mouthrinse
containing fluoride. There are many alternatives on the market. A recent store
survey in In addition, lobbying is required to demand fluoride content
labeling on commercial products. Steps to educate the public about this proven
health risk and fluoride's toxic properties must be taken immediately and
health advisories issued. Water fluoridation should cease immediately and
steps should be taken to reduce fluoride in food, drink, and dental products. If you live in a fluoridated area, take action to stop the
addition of fluoride into the water supply. Individuals ARE
successful in educating legislators about the issue and have
helped pass laws to stop the addition of fluoride into the water supply.
(Notably Darlene Sherrell, who not only discovered
that the original Roholm/Hodge safety figures had
been mis-calculated and then persisted with the help
of Dr. Bob Carton and Senator Bob Graham in her efforts to get the National
Research Council (NAS/NRC) to adopt the new figures - which had even been
corrected by Hodge himself in 1979 - but also managed to change the law in
Michigan, giving people the right to vote on fluoridation. Four major studies involving 480,000 children (US, 39,000; How
We Got Fluoridated By Philip Heggen ... April 1, 1999 Preface Throughout the world, and from the beginning, virtually all living creatures have been exposed to fluoride. It's nothing new. Fluoride is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust - cumulative and toxic to all forms of life at remarkably low dosage. Sixty years ago But fluoride affects more than just developing teeth. Even dinosaurs have ingested water and vegetation contaminated by fluoride from volcanic gases and ash - and suffered the consequence in terms of painful arthritic effects. Industrial mining and manufacturing, like mini-volcanoes, bring up fluorides from the earth into the biosphere, with similar effects on human communities. In the past century or so, man has spawned these "mini-volcanoes" without fully understanding the consequences. Modern well-drilling equipment has provided much needed water from deep within the earth - and this, too, has resulted in fluoride poisoning. This has not been a conspiracy in the usual sense of the word ... but rather, a colossal blunder. "The problem is enormous, unbelievable," says Andezhath Susheela of the Fluorosis Research and Rural Development Foundation in This paper is a chronicle and overview spanning the history
of modern industry. It shows the rise of fluoride pollution and how economic motives
have overridden concerns for human health. We take you back to the early metal
refinery pollution in During the 1940s, the development of the atom bomb required handling huge amounts of fluoride in the production of nuclear weapons. Documented here is a major safety study by the Atomic Energy Commission. As a result of this extensive study, the federal government became involved in the suppression of information about fluoride poisoning. Formerly restricted government documents now made available under the Freedom of Information Act have filled in some blank spaces in this chronology. Thus, both big government and big industry, for different reasons, became involved in the cover-up. The succeeding collaboration of industry and government is documented in detail. The difficulties in maintaining a deception over an extended time are significant. This is especially true with an ongoing issue like fluoridation. A compounding of dishonest statements and actions is required to maintain the original deception. At a certain point, the truth of the situation becomes obvious. These consequences are now coming to bear on the defenders of fluoridation. The Epilogue deals with this coming confrontation. Introduction During the last half of the Nineteenth Century, ore
refineries and chemical plants were introduced in Unknown in the early years of the industrial revolution, the most deadly chemical killer in this effluent was hydrogen fluoride (HF), now known to be toxic in a concentration of parts per billion. The term fluorine, rather than fluoride was then commonly used in referring to the air pollutant. Hydrogen fluoride was itself first identified in industrial emissions after the turn of the century, but its effects had been clearly seen in the areas surrounding these industrial polluters. Early European
Chronology 1855 Smelters in 1893 The smelters in 1900 The very existence of the smelting industry in 1907 A disease of cattle that had been endemic around 1912 Fluorine poisoning of cattle was reported near a superphosphate plant in 1918 The cattle around a Swiss aluminum plant became poisoned. Aluminum smelters, utilizing the fluxing agents flourite (49% fluorine), and cryolite (54% fluorine), were to become major sources of fluorine air pollution. Part I Overview In The many successful lawsuits for airborne fluoride damage in
As American smelting industries expanded and smokestack emissions increased, the threat of legal action and regulatory controls worried these industries. Bringing about changes in people's attitude about fluoride was seen as critically important . The original strategy was to get people to believe that water was the chief source of fluoride, and that other sources were unimportant. In 1931, this camouflage began with the announcement by
Alcoa's chief chemist, H.V. Churchill, that the mottled
teeth of children in the Alcoa's deception had the effect of covering up major
airborne fluoride damage in Later, it would be claimed that people need fluoride, and that fluoride should be added to the water supply so everyone could get it. This strategy was to provide an enormous outlet for waste fluorides. Shaping people's attitudes about fluoride had now begun and was to continue unabated for seven decades. Since the mid-1960s, television advertising has been intensively used to achieve this purpose, with $30 million spent on advertising Crest fluoridated toothpaste in just one year. In 1931, it became widely known that mottled tooth enamel is caused by fluoride poisoning of the tooth buds while the enamel is being formed. Fluoride in the bloodstream reaches the tooth buds before the teeth erupt through the gums. Fluoride in the drinking water does not directly contact the tooth buds. For this reason dental fluorosis is clear evidence of systemic fluoride poisoning. Also, dental fluorosis is often caused by hydrogen fluoride in toxic air pollutants. It can likewise be caused by foods prepared from crops grown in fluoride contaminated soils and air. Along with the shaping of public attitudes, industry influenced key government agencies. The US Public Health Service (USPHS), and later, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cooperated, to a surprising degree, in the economical disposal of industry's toxic fluoride waste materials. As a result of agency appointments and hiring of industry-funded scientists, these government agencies became closely identified with the motivations of industry. In the process, they have had to ignore serious adverse effects on human health - from fluoride as well as a number of other toxic chemical compounds. In the easy choice of catering to industry, these Agencies incrementally abandoned their own basic charge of promoting human and environmental health. This identification with industry was true regarding air pollution, and later epitomized in water fluoridation, with the USPHS eventually setting the goal of mandatory national fluoridation by the turn of the century. EPA later rationalized this goal by calling it an efficient way to recycle waste. As a consequence of the realignment of the Public Health Service into a strong supporter of fluoridation, research in academic institutions also came under the control of big industry on this feared pollution issue. Control over research in academic institutions was brought about through the giving and withholding of government grants and research contracts. All government support of academic institutions was channeled through the industry biased Public Health Service. These pressures and incentives grew as industry grew. Applied relentlessly over the years and decades, the fluoride industry's influence on academia has now spanned most of the 20th century. By way of economic incentives the American Dental
Association (ADA) also became a prominent and active promoter of fluoridation.
This came about through the influence of a small clique pretending to speak for
all dentists. While the public has tended to see Influencing the Industry's unstated motivation behind water fluoridation was to find an economical means for disposal of their accumulating fluoride waste products, and to avoid claims for compensation by workers harmed by airborne fluoride on the job. USPHS supports this industrial strategy while at the same time actively assisting industry in a cover-up of their fluoride air pollution problems. Today, through regional and county health offices, USPHS influences city councils to override previous ballot decisions against fluoridating public water, thereby subverting the basic principles of democratic government, as well as compromising public health. With such pervasive influence of industry on government,
academia, dentistry and medicine, it soon became political suicide for
professionals to challenge or even question the fluoridation of drinking water.
Individuals who had the boldness to do so soon found that their jobs were in
jeopardy. Even outspoken dentists, the supposed experts, were ostracized from
their trade organization ( Of critical importance to industry was a complete knowledge
about the chemical hazards associated with fluoride. Initially concerned with
the fluoride-based refrigerant, freon,
the Kettering Laboratory was founded in 1925 with gifts from Ethyl Corporation,
General Electric, and DuPont and supported by other
concerned industries. Since 1925, the great bulk of research in Fluoride research sponsored by industry was done by Kettering Laboratory so that it could be tightly controlled. Research supported by the federal government was channeled through the Public Health Service, which had become a virtual arm of big industry. With its strong bias, USPHS influenced the direction of fluoride investigations as well as what got published. It even censored reports after their publication. In this way, the concerned industries came to control nearly all of the fluoride research originating in the this country. Research conducted in European countries and in Part I Chronology - 1909 to 1938 1909 Alcoa was now producing 16,500 tons of aluminum per year and releasing 132 tons of hydrogen fluoride air pollutants per year. 1909 1916 The National Research Council, a subgroup of the National Academy of Sciences, is organized as an independent, non-government group. It would provide a close liaison between the USPHS and American Industry, and came to represent industry through the affiliations of its membership. Government agencies came to pass on their chartered responsibilities by taking recommendations from NRC, instead of using their own professional staff. Decisions affecting industry came to be handled this way, to the great advantage of industry. 1922 Aluminum cookware is introduced in the 1925 The 1925 Andrew Mellon becomes US Treasurer. The USPHS is under the direct jurisdiction of the Department of the Treasury. Andrew Mellon was a founder and major stockholder of Alcoa, the main producer of toxic fluoride waste materials. During the 1920s there was growing concern abroad, and in our own Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Mines over fluoride as a public hazard - but not in the Public Health Service. During this decade, no mention of fluoride can be found in the official USPHS publication, Public Health Reports. Also in 1925, the Mellon Institute was founded by Andrew and Richard Mellon, former owners of Alcoa. 1930 The world's first major hydrogen fluoride fog disaster
occurred in the Meuse Valley, Belgium. Six thousand
people became violently ill, and sixty died in this episode. Many cattle were
also killed. The Danish scientist, Kaj Roholm studied the aftereffects of this episode and the
subject of fluorine poisoning. His classic work, Fluorine Intoxication,
published in 1931 A considerable portion of
Kettering Laboratory's facilities are dedicated to the study of fluorides,
initially with investigations into Freon 12 gas. Under contract, the studies
are not released to the public. Hydrogen fluoride air pollution from Alcoa's 1931 USPHS dentist, H. Trendley
Dean, is dispatched by Alcoa founder, Andrew Mellon, to certain remote towns in
the 1933 Dr. Lloyd DeEds, Senior Toxicologist with the Department of Agriculture published a sixty page review on chronic fluorine poisoning (Medicine 12:1-60 (Feb)1933): "Only recently, that is within the last ten years, has the serious nature of fluorine toxicity been realized, particularly with regard to chronic intoxication. It is from the viewpoint of chronic intoxication that fluorine is of importance to the public health." He discussed poisoning of vegetation and livestock near aluminum plants; and pointed out that superphosphate plants were annually pouring 25,000 tons of fluorine into the air and adding 90,000 tons to the topsoil each year. 1935 From now on, and in the face of growing fluoride air
pollution, the USPHS described "mottling" as a "water-borne
disease", and began investigating the extent of the disorder in the 1938 H. Trendley Dean and the
USPHS conduct the "Galesburg-Quincy" study, one of the two studies
upon which water fluoridation rests (the other is the "21 cities"
study, done in 1939 and 1940). On these two studies rested the
"fluorine-dental caries hypothesis" which was to be tested in the
experiments at Note: These studies were later examined by non-government
expert statisticians and found to be statistically flawed, as well as having a
significant number of other serious problems, making the studies worthless.
(see Fluoride the Aging Factor by Dr. John Yiamouyiannis,
p. 119-123. also: Fluoridation Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, by
Philip R. N. Sutton, DDSc, LDS, Senior Research
Fellow, Dept of Oral Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne, in
collaboration with Sir Arthur B. P. Amies, Dean of
the Dental School, University of Melbourne) It is interesting to note that Dean
visited
PART II A Federally Funded,
National Strategy Supporting Big Industry It was a quirk of fate that the early industrial secrecy surrounding
fluoride in When the concept of water fluoridation surfaced around 1939, it was quickly seized by big industry and turned into a relentless, no-holds-barred drive for universal fluoridation. This drive was soon to be implemented by the US Public Health Service as if it were a military mandate - a "mission". USPHS was ideal for this mission, being organized in a similar way to the US Armed Forces. Its officers are commissioned and expected to obey orders of the Surgeon General. The common public view of the Surgeon General as an impeccable and totally objective authority is often naive. In the real world the Surgeon General is expected to support and carry out current policy. If a particular policy, such as water fluoridation is supported successively by two or more Surgeons General, it would be naive to think this proves the policy is based on science. USPHS has a Dental Corps which is closely associated with
those in the American Dental Association (ADA) and holds interlocking
memberships on its boards, committees, and councils. Significantly, officers of
the USPHS also sit on the editorial boards of every important medical and
dental journal in the The national strategy for universal fluoridation utilized
state and regional health departments as ersatz field headquarters. Strongly
biased literature was used, such as the The disinformation campaign conducted by USPHS has been extended since the 1960s down to local health districts, sometimes employing state or field fluoridation coordinators. With a national communications network of state and regional health departments in place, community assessments can be made and those showing the least resistance are targeted first. The most successful tactics used in previously fluoridated communities are employed on prospective communities. The USPHS campaign has involved literally hundreds of such intrusions on communities, and has become a fine-tuned operation. District health department officials typically contact city councils with a strongly biased sales pitch and promises of federal funding. The attempt is often made to get city councils to vote and rule on the fluoridation issue without a public vote. In some cases, where it is legal, this may involve overriding previous public vote, even though it directly affects all the people in the community on a daily basis. When a community is overrun by such tactics, the victory
often gets wide publicity, as practiced in psychological warfare. Further,
there is strong circumstantial evidence that the USPHS campaign includes
overturning state laws that interfere with the USPHS "mission". For
example, in the State of Washington, the State Code prohibiting city councils
from directly overriding previous public vote was successfully used in Spokane
in 1984 to stop fluoridation in that city. The following year that State Code
was overturned with no motivation from within It has been a priority of big industry to settle lawsuits
out of court. This prevents legal precedents being set on fluoride damage, which
could open the way for further litigation. A good example involved the
Troutdale, One such suit was for serious injuries to members of the Paul Martin family. It was considered so important by big industry that an armada of six corporations all joined in the suit as "friends of the court." They were Alcoa, Kaiser, Harvey Aluminum, Olin-Mathieson, Victor Chemical, and Food Machinery and Chemical. When it appeared that the Martin family might win their case, an out of court settlement was arranged by purchasing the Martin ranch at an inflated price. Once again, a potentially important legal precedent did not get into the legal record. PART II Chronology - 1939 to 1959 1939 The concept of fluoridation arises as an alternative method of disposing of industrial waste chemicals, where disposal expense is replaced by profit. This fact was confirmed with approval in a 1983 letter written by Rebecca Hanmer, Assistant Administrator, from EPA Office of Water. 1939 The Hatch Act was passed after revelations that employees of the WPA, a New Deal agency, were pressured to make political contributions. The new Act protected against a politicized federal work force. It also prohibited any federally funded agency, whether county, state, or federal, from trying to influence public referenda. Since the beginning of the effort to fluoridate water in the 1940s, however, the Hatch Act has been repeatedly and flagrantly violated 1939 On Sept 29, Mellon Institute scientist, Gerald J. Cox, begins his major role in the promotion of fluoridation by saying, "the present trend toward removal of fluorides from food and water may need reversal". Note: Scientist Cox also had this to say in 1939:
"Fluorides are among the most toxic of substances. Mottled enamel results
from as little as 0.0001 percent of fluorine in the drinking water. Every use
of water must be examined before fluoridation can begin". (Journal of the American Water Works Assn. pp. 1926-1930, Nov
1939). Despite all of this, Alcoa sponsored biochemist, Gerald J. Cox,
fluoridates rats in his lab and mysteriously concludes that "fluoride
reduces cavities". He makes a public proposal that the
1939 The American Water Works Association decided there was sufficient evidence about fluoride to classify it as a hazardous material, like lead and arsenic. It then suggested that drinking water should contain no more than 0.1 ppm fluoride. 1941 Instead of forbidding the dumping of fluoride in water, the USPHS regulations set 1.0 ppm of fluoride as the maximum tolerance allowed in a public water supply. This allowed industries to continue to dump fluoride wastes into rivers. 1941 In December, 1942 In 1942 Hydrogen fluoride supplants sulfuric acid as a catalyst
in the production of high test gasoline in 1943 Planning began on the 1944 Oscar Ewing is put on the payroll of the Aluminum
Company of 1945 Program "F" is implemented by the US Atomic
Energy Commission (AEC). This is the most extensive 1946 With no new evidence of safety, and no stated reason, USPHS raised the maximum tolerance level of fluoride in public water supplies to 1.5 ppm. 1947 Alcoa lawyer, Oscar Ewing, is appointed head of the
Federal Security Agency, later HEW, a position that
places him in charge of the USPHS. He is the second Alcoa executive (after
Andrew Mellon) to direct the course of the Public Health Service, completing
its mutation into a virtual pawn of big industry. Under Ewing's public relations strategist was Edward L. Bernays, Sigmund Freud's nephew, who pioneered Freudian theory toward advertising and government propaganda (see Bernays' 1928 book, Propaganda). Because of Bernays, people would be induced to forget that fluorides were toxic poisons. Opponents to the fluoridation program were painted as deranged. In 1996 they would be painted as civil rights activists, crackpots, and right-wing loonies. As the newspapers were heavily influenced by industry advertisers, they became key dispensers of such propaganda.
1948 The Donora Death Fog was the second major air pollution
disaster in history. It was caused by the accumulation of stagnant hydrogen
fluoride gas from steel and zinc smelters in a narrow industrialized valley.
Six thousand of the 13,000 residents of this "A 173-page report tells us that there had been no unusual kind or amount of pollution, and that no pollution present could have caused the trouble. Sampling methods of doubtful reliability were applied at arbitrarily selected times and places, and the results averaged with no attempt at proper weighting. Calculations therefrom, replete with arithmetical errors and discrepancies, were combined with outright guesses to arrive at estimates of emission. They guess that 210 tons of coal burned in homes emit 30 lb. of fluorine but that 213 tons burned in the blooming-mill boilers emit only four lb. No possible reason for the difference is offered. On page 104, waste gas from the blast furnace contains 4.6 mg of fluorine per cubic meter. On page 108 it contains one-tenth as much. Calculations for open-hearth emission show a discrepancy of several thousand fold, with no way to know where the error lies. The biological studies and general air sampling are
similarly inappropriate and meaningless. Air samples at twelve arbitrarily
selected points between Feb. 16, and Test results of a study made of the Donora disaster by US Steel have been withheld from public view to this day. This is unmistakable evidence of an effort to cover up highly toxic HF emissions.
1948 As a direct consequence of the Donora disaster, USPHS
began quietly sampling fluorides in the air over 27 major cities across the
country. This sampling turned up serious HF air pollution (up to 80 ppb) in the
following twelve cities: 1950 The new hydrogen fluoride air pollution data collected by the USPHS presented a major problem. Data gathered showed HF contamination up to 80 ppb, more than ten times what had been proposed for standards. Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that the camouflage
strategy adopted more than a decade earlier by Alcoa in This "success" then allowed USPHS to rush out to
fluoridate the twelve cities with major HF air pollution and thereby camouflage
the toxic air problems. All twelve cities were fluoridated in the following
five years. The same camouflage was to be carried out two years later by Alcoa
in
1950 Two years after the disaster in Donora, when the USPHS found serious HF air pollution across the country, their analytical method was changed from measuring the level of HF to measuring the level of fluoride ions in the air. Deception clearly motivated this change. Fluoride ions, like fluorine gas, are relatively rare toxic air emissions. By pretending that fluoride ions, not the far more harmful HF, was the concern in contaminated air, the USPHS avoided exposure of incriminating HF data which it thereby managed, once again, to ignore. 1950 From 1950 to 1951, Alcoa advertises sodium fluoride for addition to water supplies. 1950 The Journal of the American Dental Association, (30:447, 1950), features an article by Dr. G. J. Cox, University of Pittsburgh, who says, "To solve the esthetic problem for victims of mottled enamel, porcelain facings, jacket crowns, or even dentures may be required". Note: The public is expected to bear the cost of what is being done to them while the dental industry profits. 1951 Early in 1951 Oscar Ewing allocated $2 million to "promote fluoridation nationwide". 1951 Oscar Ewing was sponsoring a bill which the
conservative American Medical Association claimed would be the first step
toward socialized medicine. The AMA appealed to its members for a
"fighting fund" to defeat the Bill and $3 million was raised. But at the
AMA convention in 1952 The 1952 In Shocking as it is, the toll of lives does not tell the whole
story. Neither the assessments of the toxic air disasters, nor tests
establishing maximum contaminant levels, take into account the widespread
effects on mental function brought about by HF poisoning. Human behavior is
exquisitely sensitive to minute traces of hydrogen fluoride - in the parts per
billion range. In
1952 USPHS officials, Drs. Dean, Arnold and McClure,
concentrate their efforts to introduce fluoridation into 1952 Alcoa starts construction of the first aluminum smelter
in 1955 The 1956 On Jan 26, Procter & Gamble ran a full page ad in
the New York Times, proclaiming Crest toothpaste "an important milestone
in medicine", comparing it to Dr. Fleming's discovery of penicillin. P
& G published no evidence supporting their extravagant claims. Harold
Hillenbrand, secretary of 1957 Alcoa announces the direct sale of sodium fluoride to cities and towns - for fluoridation of drinking water. A decade later, when it was found that phosphate fertilizer companies could sell fluorides from their smokestack scrubbers for even less money, Alcoa was priced out of the fluoride dumping market. 1957 The American Dental Association receives $6,453,816 in federal funds, from 1957-1973. 1958 The World Health Organization (WHO) establishes an
Expert Committee in 1959 Reynolds Metals Co. built an aluminum smelter on the PART II Chronology - 1960 to 1999 1960 In 1960 In August, the 1961 USPHS again raises the maximum tolerance level for fluoride in water supplies, this time to 2.4 ppm, in spite of the fact that one USPHS investigator said that at 1.5 ppm, the safety factor was zero. 1963 At the bequest of its industrial sponsors, The
Kettering Laboratory collected This book of 158 sanitized abstracts was then distributed to
all health agencies throughout the
1967 On October 15, the Pittsburgh Press reported that 98%
of 1968 EPA chemist Ervin Bellack noted that recovered phosphate fertilizer acid waste contains about 19% fluorine. He reported that this concentrated scrubber liquor, which is 23% fluorosilicic acid, could be used as a water fluoridating agent - instead of sodium fluoride. Further, this waste product was available in enormous quantities - enough to fluoridate the entire nation's water supply. The EPA and USPHS approved and promoted this source of fluoride waste for public water supplies, without conducting any tests for safety. Note: Legal disposal of the scrubber liquor as a waste product would cost about $1.40 per gallon due its highly toxic contents. Instead, it could now be sold to municipal water departments for upwards of sixty cents per gallon. Its toxic contents are called out in detail in the supplier's specification sheet. The amount of this scrubber liquor sold annually for water fluoridation has been above one hundred thousand tons for many years. The scale of this business is in the millions of dollars annually. In this perspective, it is easy to appreciate the lengths to which big industry will go to try to rationalize and legitimatize the scheme. Sad to say, it now permanently compromises the health of more than one hundred million Americans. The only answer ever given to the above charge is that "toxicity is a function of concentration", and that at one ppm in water, fluoride is not harmful. This glib statement ignores the most important fact concerning fluoride poisoning: it accumulates in the body. Half the daily dosage will produce the same poisoning effects in twice the time period. Chronic fluoride poisoning is a time bomb that the majority of Americans now face in their senior years. It can both cause and aggravate arthritis, a condition which affects virtually all who reach the age of retirement.
1970 Over 90% of toothpaste now contains fluoride. This is the result of an intensive advertising campaign backed by a profit oriented dental trade association which is mistakenly perceived as an unbiased authority. This advertising has tended to establish the image of fluoride as a beneficial, even essential element, while, in fact, it is officially rated more toxic than either lead or cadmium. Have Americans been brainwashed? You decide. 1971 1971 GASP, a local environmental group turned to EPA for help, but no federal standards had been set, and even though human deaths occurred no one could be cited. Two months later the independent National Research Council hastily contrived a report for EPA stating, "Airborne fluoride currently presents no direct hazard to man." This could be technically correct, if they were referring to ionic fluoride, which is rare in industrial emissions. The culprit in this disaster, however, was hydrogen fluoride, which NRC must have known. Furthermore, no committee can make a scientific judgement about safety when there are no standards and no data. Clearly, federal air pollution policies protect polluters and poison people.
1972 The February issue of the 1972 1973 The 1976 The CBS News almanac showed there were 76.7 dentists
per 100,000 population in fluoridated cities, and only 59.2 in non-fluoridated
cities. This was based on a study of thirty representative cities. The real
surprise came in looking at the three 1980 From March 1980 to December 1980, the Houston Health
Systems Agency allocated $1,399,822 federal tax dollars to promote fluoridation
in More than $94,000 was spent on media promotion of
fluoridation in Of a $90,000 federal grant for fluoridation, that city
officials in
1982 The Water Chemicals Codex is published from 1982 USPHS conducts its first group of studies on animal cancer and fluorides, mandated by the Congressional Hearings in 1977. The study lasts until 1984, and is then scrapped because of flaws in design and progress. 1985 USPHS contracts a second set of studies on animal
cancer and fluoride, mandated by the 1977 Congressional Hearings, eight years
earlier. USPHS again contracts Battelle Memorial
Institute in 1985 The cost of dental services in the 1985 EPA raises the maximum contaminant level for fluoride in drinking water to 4 ppm (4mg per liter). It was raised by USPHS in 1961 to 2.4 ppm. Both of these official increases were made without any scientific evidence or rationale. The EPA professionals union thereupon initiated legal action to stop this political decision by EPA management. 1986 Production of lead free gasoline in the 1987 A series of hydrogen fluoride accidents in 1988 Battelle Memorial Institute
releases its studies on fluoride and animal cancer, for the USPHS, reporting
highly specific fluoride-related cancers. The data is turned over by USPHS to
the National Toxicology Program (NTP), who gives the data to the Experimental
Pathology Labs, who reclassify and delete items damaging to the
pro-fluoridation faction. The altered data is then submitted to the
"pathology working group" on 1990 Procter and Gamble spends $30
million advertising Crest on 1990 Dr. William Marcus, a senior scientist at the US Environmental Protection Agency, was fired for exposing a coverup in a government study showing clear evidence that fluoride causes cancer. 1991 Dr. Robert J. Carton, Vice President of the Union representing twelve hundred scientists, engineers, and lawyers at EPA headquarters, presented the Drinking Water Subcommittee of the Science Advisory Board of EPA with evidence of scientific fraud in the preparation of EPA's fluoride in drinking water standard. No follow up by the Science Advisory Board was ever made. 1991 Over 143,000 tons of toxic fluorides were dumped into 1992 In December, Dr. William Marcus was vindicated when Administrative Law Judge, David A. Clark, Jr., ordered EPA to give him back his job, with back pay, legal expenses, and $50,000 in damages. EPA appealed, but the appeal was turned down in 1994, by Secretary of Labor, Robert Reich, who accused EPA of firing Dr. Marcus in retaliation for speaking his mind in public. Reich found, among other things, that EPA had shredded important evidence that would have supported Dr. Marcus in court. The original trial proceedings also show that EPA employees who wanted to testify on behalf of Dr. Marcus were threatened by their own management. EPA officials also forged some of his time cards, and then accused him of misusing his office time. 1997 The 1997 Administrative "mandates" for fluoridation
have been rejected at the polls in 1998 It was determined that over the past 50 years
industries have released more than 25,000,000 tons of fluoride gases and
particulates into the atmosphere. Arthritis, one of the most common physical
symptoms of HF, is now found in the bulk of the senior population in the 1998 The financial motivation of dental trade organizations are high. In 1999 Jan 21 Newswire/ -- Y2KNEWSWIRE.COM today urged cities
and municipalities to disconnect water fluoridation equipment during the Y2K
rollover to prevent possible fluoride fatalities. Over the last 25 years
fatalities have occurred when fluoride saturation levels ran too high; some due
to faulty flow control systems. In 1994, the New England Journal of Medicine
published a study of a fatal fluoride overdose incident in EPILOGUE The Approaching
Confrontation Alcoa responded to the human health issue in Industry and these government agencies have been largely successful in obscuring the facts. This has been brought about by authoritarian endorsement and opinion, by making claims unsupported by valid science, and by repetition - the devices used by advertisers and propagandists. At the same time, opposition and even open discussion on the subject of fluoride pollution has been widely suppressed in the media. All of this has resulted in an erroneous public mindset. The best antidote is an investigation of the facts, and making this material widely available. Radio talk shows, television programming, and informative internet websites are now beginning to erode the deceptive mask constructed over decades by industry and their propagandists. This historical review poses a challenge to the citizens of this country. Is this the Brave New World of Aldous Huxley? Has democracy become a total fiction? Tens of millions of people in this country now have mottled teeth, all caused by fluoride. The severity of dental fluorosis is increasing, as are the number affected. Are we actually being conditioned to accept this as normal and a mere "cosmetic effect"? Recent studies have implicated fluoride in many chronic diseases, and also in more subtle impairments of the central nervous system. But current law is concerned with only one health effect: crippling skeletal fluorosis. To stop fluoridation we must first focus on enforcing existing law. EPA is responsible for enforcing the Safe Drinking Water
Act. That this Law is being subverted is incontestable. If EPA were forced to
comply with the law, fluoridation of public water would clearly be illegal in References Exner, F. B., Economic Motives Behind Fluoridation, Aqua Pura, Jan 1966 Ronsivalli, L. J., Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies, Mermakk Pub, 1998 Smith, E. G., The Secret War and
The Fluoride Conspiracy, Valerian, V., Analytical Chronology of Fluoridation, Leading Edge International Research Group, 1997 Government document summaries on fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, sodium fluoride, and fluorosilicic acid, obtained under the Freedom of Information Act. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- February 13, l999 Environmental Crimes Division Maximum Contaminant Level for fluoride in drinking water When EPA set the maximum contaminant level for fluoride in drinking water at four milligrams per liter, they based their calculation on incorrect dosage figures, which they described as 20 mg/day for 20 or more years. The calculation should have been based on a minimum of 10 mg/day for 10 or more years. This figure represents the total daily fluoride dosage according to the National Research Council which might cause crippling skeletal fluorosis. EPA also erred in failing to consider individual tolerances and lifetime exposures. Twenty years does not a lifetime make. EPA further violated the essence of the Safe Drinking Water Act in failing to consider arthritis (phase 1 and 2 skeletal fluorosis) as an "adverse" health effect ... and in classifying disfiguring dental fluorosis as not an adverse health effect but merely "cosmetic." EPA has set the MCL at a level too high to provide the legally required margin of safety. In addition to the errors mentioned above, EPA also neglected to consider background levels of fluoride which, unlike the situation fifty years ago, can be several times the dosage delivered in drinking water. In short, EPA has relied on outdated and inaccurate information. EPA must re-calculate the MCL according to law. Their minimum dosage figures 20 mg/day for 20 years for crippling skeletal fluorosis, were the result of an error in arithmetic, miscalculated by Harold C. Hodge, Ph.D., in 1953 and corrected by Dr. Hodge in 1979. NAS/NRC corrected their figures in 1993. The minimum is currently estimated to be 10 mg/day for 10 years, or far less, on a daily basis, when ingested over a lifetime, or by individuals who are more vulnerable to the toxic effects of soluble fluorides. EPA management, however, has steadfastly ignored these facts. I am writing to you today to ask your assistance in forcing the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to obey the law. References: The Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 U.S.C. 300f, et seq. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Fluoride,
Federal Register, 50(220): 47142-47171, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, REVIEW OF FLUORIDE BENEFITS AND RISKS, 1991, page 46. See images of the USDHHS symptoms & NAS/NRC dosage
figures at: http://move.to/stopfluoride |